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Birth:          ABT 1086 of Ewyas, Herefordshire, England
Death:          10 Jul 1137 
Cause of Death: killed in ambush

Notes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_fitzJohn
Pain fitzJohn[a] (before 1100–10 July 1137) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and 
administrator, one of King Henry I of England's "new men", who owed their positions 
and wealth to the king.

Pain's family originated in Normandy, but there is little to suggest that he had many 
ties there, and he appears to have spent most of his career in England and the Welsh 
Marches. A son of a minor nobleman, he rose through ability to become an important 
royal official during Henry's reign. In 1115, he was rewarded with marriage to an 
heiress, thereby gaining control of the town of Ludlow and its castle, which he 
augmented with further acquisitions.

Although later medieval traditions described Pain as a chamberlain to King Henry, that 
position is not securely confirmed in contemporary records. He did hold other offices, 
however, including that of sheriff in two counties near the border between England 
and Wales. In his capacity as a royal justice, Pain also heard legal cases for the king 
throughout much of western England.

After King Henry's death in 1135, Pain supported Henry's nephew, King Stephen, and 
was with the new king throughout 1136. In July 1137, Pain was ambushed by the 
Welsh and killed while leading a relief expedition to the garrison at Carmarthen. His 
heirs were his daughters, Cecily and Agnes. Cecily married the son of one of Pain's 
close associates, Miles of Gloucester. Pain was generous in his gifts of land to a 
number of monastic houses.
Family background[edit]

Pain was a son, probably the eldest, of John fitzRichard,[b] a tenant-in-chief listed in 
Domesday Book.[7][c] John may have had two wives, therefore the identity of Pain's 
mother is uncertain.[9] On the basis of landholding, it has been speculated that Pain's 
mother was a daughter of Ralph Mortimer, who held Wigmore in Domesday Book.[10]
[d] As well as being a moneyer, Pain's paternal grandfather, who came from near 
Avranches in Normandy, owned a mill.[e] Pain's brother, Eustace fitzJohn, became a 
royal official who owned lands in the north of England.[13] His other siblings included 
William, Alice and Agnes.[9] William was probably the same William who later held 
Harptree in Somerset,[14] and in 1130 was a royal justice in western England.[15] 
Alice was the abbess of Barking Abbey and Agnes became the wife of Roger de 
Valognes.[9]

Pain was born some time before 1100.[3] His father may have been in the service of 
King Henry in Normandy before Henry became king. The family lands in England, 
which were not extensive, were mainly in East Anglia,[16] and Pain appears to have 
inherited most of them; his payment for danegeld, a tax, in 1130 for his East Anglian 
properties was 40 shillings, compared to only 9 shillings for his brother Eustace.[17][f]
[g]

Marriage and lands[edit]

All accounts agree that Pain married in 1115 and that his wife was named Sybil, 
although the identity of Sybil's parents is unclear. Pain's Oxford Dictionary of National 
Biography entry states that he married Sybil Talbot, the niece of Hugh de Lacy.[13] 
The Complete Peerage states that he married Sybil, the daughter of Geoffrey Talbot 
and Talbot's wife Agnes, who was herself probably the daughter of Walter de Lacy.[3] 
The historian K. S. B. Keats-Rohan states that Pain married Sybil de Lacy, the 
daughter of Hugh de Lacy,[5] a view shared by fellow historians Judith Green and 
Paul Dalton.[15][20][h] Others such as Bruce Coplestone-Crow and David Crouch 
agree with the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography's designation of Sybil as 
Hugh's niece,[23] and daughter of Geoffrey Talbot and Agnes, the sister of Hugh de 
Lacy.[16][24]

King Henry and King Stephen recognized Pain as the legitimate holder of the lands 
acquired through his wife Sybil. Her kinsman Gilbert de Lacy was the son of Roger de 
Lacy, who had been banished from England in 1095 and his English estates 
confiscated; he had though retained his properties in Normandy. Roger's English 
possessions were given to his brother Hugh de Lacy, from whom Sybil had inherited 
them. On Roger's death Gilbert inherited the lands in Normandy, and pressed his claim 
to the family's former English estates. Coplestone-Crow speculates that the uncertainty 
hanging over the inheritance was one reason why Pain endeavoured to secure more 
lands around Ludlow.[25]

Pain is the presumed builder of Pain's Castle in the Welsh county of Radnor. He also 
controlled Caus Castle in Shropshire,[3] and through his wife Ludlow Castle in the 
same county.[26] Although he held the title to Weobley Castle,[23] he does not appear 
to have exercised any control over it, which eventually went to Gilbert de Lacy.[27] 
Pain was not the only recipient of Hugh de Lacy's lands; some went to Jocelin de 
Dinan and some to Miles of Gloucester.[21] Pain's share included property in 
Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire,[22] and he succeeded in 
acquiring additional lands near Ludlow, adding to the manors he held there through his 
wife;[28] his holdings of land were considered to be worth 17 knights fees.[29] By 
1130 he had evidently acquired additional properties in Oxfordshire, where he is 
recorded as being excused payment of danegeld that year.[30]

Career[edit]

Under Henry I[edit]

Pain was too young to serve King William Rufus, but according to the later 12th-
century writings of Walter Map he may have been a chamberlain—one of the officials in 
charge of the royal household—for William's brother, King Henry I (reigned 1100–1135). 
There is no contemporary evidence for Pain having held that office and nor is it likely, 
given Map's story, that Pain was involved with Henry's financial affairs; rather it 
appears that if indeed he was a chamberlain, he was a body servant.[13] Map relates 
a story about Pain serving the king personally at night, providing Henry with wine if 
the king called for it. The story continues that Pain once drank the wine and was 
caught out by Henry when the king subsequently demanded his nightcap. Map finishes 
the story by saying that the king then ordered that Pain should be given wine every 
night while awaiting the king's pleasure. Although the story is unlikely to be true in all 
details, it suggests that Pain's service to the king was personal as well as judicial and 
governmental.[31] Other evidence against Map's claim that Pain was a chamberlain is 
that he never attested a royal charter in that office.[32]

The author of the Gesta Stephani described Pain as having been a page at Henry's 
court, stating that he owed his position to being one of the "special and very intimate 
friends of King Henry" and that although Pain had been "taken into [Henry's] service 
as [one of his] court pages",[33] it appears likely that the three fitzJohn brothers—Pain, 
Eustace and William—worked to advance each other's careers, as they are frequently 
found witnessing, or attesting, the same charters and other royal documents.[34]

In 1115, Pain was a witness to a charter of confirmation that King Henry issued to 
Geoffrey de Clive, the Bishop of Hereford, issued in the Welsh Marches.[20] Sometime 
between 1123 and 1127 he was appointed Sheriff of Herefordshire, and in 1127 
became Sheriff of Shropshire also.[13] He held the sheriffdoms of Hereford and 
Shropshire at least until 1136,[1] and probably until his death.[16] Pain is also often 
termed the king's "viceregent" or "justiciar" for those counties,[13][30] and he had 
the custody of King Henry's prisoner, Waleran of Melun, from September 1126 until 
late 1126, when Waleran was moved to Wallingford Castle and the custody of Brian 
fitzCount.[35][i]

Pain was one of Henry's "new men", who owed their positions and wealth to the king. 
The medieval writer Orderic Vitalis described them as a group as "of base stock who 
had served him [Henry] well, raised them, so to say, from the dust" and that the king 
"stationed them above earls and famous castellans".[j][37] Although Orderic stated 
that the families of these men were not considered high status, this was probably an 
exaggeration on the chronicler's part. Pain's family was respectable enough, as his 
father held a number of properties directly from the king.[38] It appears that Pain did 
not always take the king's side; the historian C. Warren Hollister has argued that Pain 
was not among the supporters of Henry's only surviving legitimate child, Matilda, in 
1126, when Henry had his nobility swear that they would recognise her as his heiress. 
Hollister feels that the removal of Waleran from Pain's custody was a sign that Pain 
had not supported Matilda.[39]

Pain consolidated much of his power in Shropshire and Herefordshire at Bridgnorth 
Castle, often using that site as a place of business in preference to Shrewsbury, which 
had previously been the main centre of business for his predecessors as sheriff. As 
well as Waleran, Pain imprisoned a Welsh hostage there in 1128, Llywelyn ab Owain, 
the nephew of Maredudd ap Bleddyn, ruler of the Welsh principality of Powys.[13] 
Besides Bridgnorth, Pain used his possession of Ludlow Castle to consolidate his 
power in the Welsh Marches.[40] During Henry's reign, the Welsh border was a zone 
of frequent raids and conflict between the Anglo-Normans and the Welsh.[41]

The Gesta Stephani indicates that Pain, along with Miles of Gloucester, was a major 
landholder in the western part of England, and the pair managed to dominate justice in 
that region.[42] According to the document the two men "raised their power to such a 
pitch that from the Severn to the sea, all along the border between England and 
Wales, they involved everyone in litigation and forced services."[43] The later 
medieval writer Gerald of Wales called Miles and Pain "secretaries and privy 
councillors of the king".[43]

The 1130 Pipe Roll noted that Pain was a royal justice in Staffordshire, 
Gloucestershire, and Pembroke.[13] Besides the ordinary court, Pain also heard cases 
relating to the forest law in those counties.[44] The Pipe Roll does not record Pain as 
sheriff in Shropshire, but this is likely because the Shropshire returns for that year are 
missing from it.[32] Also in 1130, Pain was consulted by the king about the 
appointment to a vacant bishopric.[45] The Diocese of Hereford had been vacant 
since the death of Richard de Capella in August 1127,[46] and the king consulted with 
Pain and the constable of Hereford before accepting their candidate—Robert de 
Bethune, the prior of Llanthony Priory.[45] In 1132 Pain was present, along with his 
brother, at the Christmas court held by King Henry.[47] Subsequently Caus Castle, 
which was under Pain's control, was burnt by the Welsh in 1134.[3] As lord of Caus, 
Pain was involved in efforts to suppress Welsh raiding.[48] Although Pain held Caus, 
his title to the fortification was unclear, as it had earlier been held by Robert Corbet.
[49]

By the end of Henry's reign, Pain had witnessed over 60 royal charters for the king, 
spanning a period from around 1115 until 1135.[50] Although Pain witnessed a large 
number of royal documents, this activity took place mostly in England, as few of the 
documents he witnessed were drawn up while the king was in Normandy.[13] As a 
reward for his service, Henry gave Pain the lordships of Ewias Lacy[4] and 
Archenfield, both in Wales.[51]

Under Stephen[edit]

Following King Henry's death in 1135, the succession was disputed between the 
king's nephews—Stephen and his elder brother, Theobald II, Count of Champagne—and 
Henry's surviving legitimate child Matilda, usually known as the Empress Matilda 
because of her first marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V. King Henry's only 
legitimate son, William, had died in 1120. After Matilda was widowed in 1125, she 
returned to her father, who married her to Geoffrey, Count of Anjou. All the magnates 
of England and Normandy were required to declare fealty to Matilda as Henry's heir, 
but when Henry I died in 1135, Stephen rushed to England and had himself crowned 
before either Theobald or Matilda could react. The Norman barons accepted Stephen 
as Duke of Normandy, and Theobald contented himself with his possessions in 
France. Matilda, though, was less sanguine, and secured the support of the Scottish 
king, David, who was her maternal uncle, and in 1138 also that of her half-brother, 
Robert, Earl of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of Henry I.[52][k]

On Henry's death in December 1135, Pain attended the king's funeral. Pain was an 
early supporter of King Stephen,[13] although he was said initially to have been afraid 
to appear at Stephen's court for fear of being confronted by those he had oppressed.
[54] Nevertheless, Pain was with the new king by early January 1136, when he 
witnessed one of Stephen's documents, dated to around 4 January 1136, at Reading. 
By Easter, both Pain and his brother Eustace had formally submitted to the king.[55] 
Pain witnessed a royal charter at Oxford in April 1136.[13] The king rewarded the 
brothers by continuing to appoint them to judicial functions, and confirmed grants 
made by them to various religious houses.[55]

After Henry's death, the Welsh attempted to drive out the Norman lords who had been 
extending their control into Wales during Henry's reign.[48] Pain was with King 
Stephen at the siege of Exeter from June to August 1136, early in the king's reign.[56] 
Crouch argues that Stephen did not at that time trust Pain, and kept him at the siege 
to more easily monitor his actions, and to prevent him from defecting to Matilda's 
cause.[56][57]

Relations with the Church[edit]

In 1119 Pope Callixtus II addressed letters to a group of Anglo-Norman landholders in 
the Welsh Marches, including Pain, accusing them of having appropriated the lands of 
the Diocese of Llandaff and ordering their return. Pain was among a group of nobles 
similarly accused by Pope Honorius II in 1128. Honorius once again ordered the 
nobles to restore to the Church lands they had confiscated.[58]

Pain gave lands to Llanthony Priory, helping to establish the endowment of that 
monastic house,[59] although it is difficult to distinguish his gifts from those of Hugh 
de Lacy, as the monks of Llanthony grouped the gifts of both men together in their 
records.[60] In addition Pain granted lands to Gloucester Abbey, which had benefited 
from the generosity of his father and brother, as did his wife Sybil, together with other 
grants to her uncle the abbot. She also gave to two churches in Hereford: St Peter 
and St Guthlac.[61]

Death and legacy[edit]

On 10 July 1137 Pain was killed by a javelin blow to the head[62] during an ambush 
by the Welsh[13][l] as he was leading a relief expedition to the garrison at 
Carmarthen.[62] He was buried in Gloucester Abbey,[13] following a funeral service 
conducted by Robert de Bethune. A number of barons from the Welsh Marches 
attended, including Miles of Gloucester.[63] Pain's widow continued to hold Ludlow 
Castle until the middle of 1139, when she was forced to surrender it to King Stephen.
[64] Stephen then gave Sybil in marriage to Jocelin de Dinan, who consequently 
acquired Ludlow Castle through his new wife, setting up the background to Gilbert 
Lacy's attempts to seize Ludlow from Dinan on which the medieval Welsh romance 
work Fouke le Fitz Waryn is based.[65]

Pain's heirs were his two daughters, Cecily and Agnes.[13] His heir male was his 
brother, Eustace fitzJohn.[5] The two daughters were married five times in total;[13] 
Cecily married three times but failed to produce any direct heirs.[66] Her first husband 
was Roger, the son of Miles of Gloucester.[13] Pain arranged Cecily and Roger's 
marriage. The marriage contract specified that Roger would inherit all of Pain's lands, 
but as result of the latter's death the marriage was not contracted until December 
1137, when King Stephen confirmed the terms of the settlement.[23] The king also 
settled the bulk of the inheritance on Cecily, which led to disturbances and a minor 
war among disappointed claimants.[67] Agnes married Warin de Munchensy and after 
his death Haldenald de Bidun. She died after 1185, by which time she was described 
as a widow.[3]

The historian W. E. Wightman described Pain as a "second-class baron and first-class 
civil servant".[68]

Parents
FITZ RICHARD John "One Eye" "Monoculus" (ABT 1050 - 1138)
____ Magdalen ()

Siblings
FITZ JOHN [CHG TO CLAVERING] Eustace (ABT 1080 - 3 Jul 1157)
FITZ JOHN Payn (ABT 1086 - 10 Jul 1137)
FITZ JOHN Agnes (ABT 1103 - AFT 1185)

Marriage To TALBOT Sibyl (ABT 1093 - AFT 1137)
    m.  

Notes


Children by TALBOT Sibyl ABT 1093 - AFT 1137
FITZ JOHN Agnes (1125 - BEF Sep 1191)
FITZ JOHN Payn (ABT 1135 - )

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