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Birth:          ABT  966 Wessex
Death:          23 Apr 1016 London, England
Burial:         St. Paul's Cathedral, London, England

Notes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready
Æthelred II, also dubbed the Unready (Old English: Æþelræd (Old English 
pronunciation: [æðelræ?d])),[1] (c. 966 – 23 April 1016) was King of the English (978–
1013 and 1014–1016). He was the son of King Edgar the Peaceful and Queen 
Ælfthryth and was around 12 years old when his half-brother Edward the Martyr was 
murdered on 18 March 978. Although Æthelred was not personally suspected of 
participation, the murder was committed at Corfe Castle by his attendants, making it 
more difficult for the new king to rally the nation against the military raids by Danes, 
especially as the legend of St Edward the Martyr grew.

From 991 onwards, Æthelred paid tribute, or Danegeld, to the Danish king. In 1002, 
Æthelred ordered what became known as the St. Brice's Day massacre of Danish 
settlers. In 1003, King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark invaded England, as a result of 
which Æthelred fled to Normandy in 1013 and was replaced by Sweyn. He would 
return as king, however, after Sweyn's death in 1014.

"Unready" is a mistranslation of the Old English word unræd (meaning bad-counselled, 
the ræd being cognate with Rat in German; its modern English descendant is rede, 
although this word is archaic), a twist on his name "Æthelred", meaning noble-
counselled. It should not be "unprepared", but rather "ill-advised".

The story of Æthelred's notorious nickname, from Old English Æþelræd Unræd (Old 
English pronunciation: [æðelræ?d unræ?d]), goes a long way toward explaining how 
his reputation has declined through history. His first name, composed of the elements 
æðele (comparable to Dutch edel(e) and adel, as in Old Saxon athal-), meaning 
"noble", and ræd (comparable to Dutch raad and Old Dutch rat), meaning "counsel" 
or "advice",[2] is typical of the compound names of those who belonged to the royal 
House of Wessex, and it characteristically alliterates with the names of his ancestors, 
like Æthelwulf ("noble-wolf"), Ælfred ("elf-counsel"), Edward ("rich-protection"), and 
Edgar ("rich-spear").[3] His nickname Unræd is usually translated into present-day 
English as "The Unready" (less often, though less confusingly, as "The Redeless"), 
though, because the present-day meaning of "unready" no longer resembles its 
ancient counterpart, this translation disguises the meaning of the Old English term. 
Bosworth-Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary defines the noun unræd in various ways, 
though it seems always to have been used pejoratively.[2] Generally, it means "evil 
counsel", "bad plan", "folly". Bosworth-Toller do not record it as describing a person 
directly; it most often describes decisions and deeds, and once refers to the nature of 
Satan's deceit (see Fall of Man). The element ræd in unræd is the element in 
Æthelred's name which means "counsel". Thus Æþelræd Unræd is a pun meaning 
"Noble counsel, No counsel". The nickname has alternatively been taken adjectivally 
as "ill-advised", "ill-prepared", "indecisive", thus "Æthelred the ill-advised".

The epithet would seem to describe the poor quality of advice which Æthelred 
received throughout his reign, presumably from those around him, specifically from the 
royal council, known as the Witan. Though the nickname does not suggest anything 
particularly respectable about the king himself, its invective is not actually focused on 
the king but on those around him, who were expected to provide the young king with 
god ræd (i.e. good counsel). Unfortunately, historians - both medieval and modern - 
have taken less of an interest in what this epithet suggests about the king's advisers, 
and have instead focused on the image it creates of a blundering, misfit king. 
Because the nickname was first recorded in the 1180s, more than 150 years after 
Æthelred's death, it is doubtful that it carries any implications for how the king was 
seen by his contemporaries or near contemporaries.[4]

In the view of Oxford professor Chris Wickham, Æthelred was one of the most forceful 
kings of the 10th century, who ended the control of every one of the major magnate 
families over their ealdormanries in the two decades after 985, and although this was 
ultimately to prove to his disadvantage, it is significant that he maintained the strength 
to push all of them into private life in spite of the military crisis of the period.[5]

Early life

Sir Frank Stenton remarked that "much that has brought condemnation of historians 
on King Æthelred may well be due in the last resort to the circumstances under which 
he became king."[6] Æthelred's father, King Edgar, had died suddenly in July 975, 
leaving two young sons behind. The elder, Edward (later Edward the Martyr), was 
probably illegitimate,[7] and was "still a youth on the verge of manhood" in 975.[8] 
The younger son was Æthelred, whose mother, Ælfthryth, Edgar had married in 964. 
Ælfthryth was the daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman of Devon, and widow of Æthelwold, 
Ealdorman of East Anglia. At the time of his father's death, Æthelred could have been 
no more than 10 years old. As the elder of Edgar's sons, Edward – reportedly a young 
man given to frequent violent outbursts – probably would have naturally succeeded to 
the throne of England despite his young age, had not he "offended many important 
persons by his intolerable violence of speech and behaviour."[8] In any case, a 
number of English nobles took to opposing Edward's succession and to defending 
Æthelred's claim to the throne; Æthelred was, after all, the son of Edgar's last, living 
wife, and no rumour of illegitimacy is known to have plagued Æthelred's birth, as it 
might have his elder brother's.[9] Both boys, Æthelred certainly, were too young to 
have played any significant part in the political manoeuvring which followed Edgar's 
death. It was the brothers' supporters, and not the brothers themselves, who were 
responsible for the turmoil which accompanied the choice of a successor to the 
throne. Æthelred's cause was led by his mother and included Ælfhere, Ealdorman of 
Mercia and Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester,[10] while Edward's claim was supported 
by Dunstan, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Oswald, the Archbishop of York[11] 
among other noblemen, notably Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia, and Byrhtnoth, 
ealdorman of Essex. In the end, Edward's supporters proved the more powerful and 
persuasive, and he was crowned king at Kingston upon Thames before the year was 
out.

Edward reigned for only three years before he was murdered by members of his 
brother's household.[12] Though we know little about Edward's short reign, we do 
know that it was marked by political turmoil. Edgar had made extensive grants of land 
to monasteries which pursued the new monastic ideals of ecclesiastical reform, but 
these disrupted aristocratic families' traditional patronage. The end of his firm rule saw 
a reversal of this policy, with aristocrats recovering their lost properties or seizing new 
ones. This was opposed by Dunstan, but according to Cyril Hart, "The presence of 
supporters of church reform on both sides indicates that the conflict between them 
depended as much on issues of land ownership and local power as on ecclesiastical 
legitimacy. Adherents of both Edward and Æthelred can be seen appropriating, or 
recovering, monastic lands."[7] Nevertheless, favour for Edward must have been 
strong among the monastic communities. When Edward was killed at Æthelred's estate 
at Corfe Castle in Dorset in March 978, the job of recording the event, as well as 
reactions to it, fell to monastic writers. Stenton offers a summary of the earliest 
account of Edward's murder, which comes from a work praising the life of St Oswald: 
"On the surface his [Edward's] relations with Æthelred his half-brother and Ælfthryth 
his stepmother were friendly, and he was visiting them informally when he was killed. 
[Æthelred's] retainers came out to meet him with ostentatious signs of respect, and 
then, before he had dismounted, surrounded him, seized his hands, and stabbed him. 
... So far as can be seen the murder was planned and carried out by Æthelred's 
household men in order that their young master might become king. There is nothing to 
support the allegation, which first appears in writing more than a century later, that 
Queen Ælfthryth had plotted her stepson's death. No one was punished for a part in 
the crime, and Æthelred, who was crowned a month after the murder, began to reign in 
an atmosphere of suspicion which destroyed the prestige of the crown. It was never 
fully restored in his lifetime."[13] Nevertheless, at first, the outlook of the new king's 
officers and counsellors seems in no way to have been bleak. According to one 
chronicler, the coronation of Æthelred took place with much rejoicing by the 
councillors of the English people.[14] Simon Keynes notes that "Byrhtferth of Ramsey 
states similarly that when Æthelred was consecrated king, by Archbishop Dunstan and 
Archbishop Oswald, 'there was great joy at his consecration’, and describes the king 
in this connection as 'a young man in respect of years, elegant in his manners, with an 
attractive face and handsome appearance'."[14] Æthelred could not have been older 
than 13 years of age in this year.

During these early years, Æthelred was developing a close relationship to Æthelwold, 
bishop of Winchester, one who had supported his unsuccessful claim to the throne. 
When Æthelwold died, on 1 August 984, Æthelred deeply lamented the loss, and he 
wrote later in a charter from 993 that the event had deprived the country of one 
"whose industry and pastoral care administered not only to my interest but also to that 
of all inhabitants of the country."[14]

Conflict with the Danes[edit]

England had experienced a period of peace after the reconquest of the Danelaw in 
the mid-10th century by King Edgar, Æthelred's father. However, beginning in 980, 
when Æthelred could not have been more than 14 years old, small companies of 
Danish adventurers carried out a series of coastline raids against England. Hampshire, 
Thanet and Cheshire were attacked in 980, Devon and Cornwall in 981, and Dorset in 
982. A period of six years then passed before, in 988, another coastal attack is 
recorded as having taken place to the south-west, though here a famous battle was 
fought between the invaders and the thegns of Devon. Stenton notes that, though this 
series of isolated raids had no lasting effect on England itself, "their chief historical 
importance is that they brought England for the first time into diplomatic contact with 
Normandy."[15] During this period, the Normans, who remembered their origins as a 
Scandinavian people, were well-disposed to their Danish cousins who, occasionally 
returning from a raid on England, sought port in Normandy. This led to grave tension 
between the English and Norman courts, and word of their enmity eventually reached 
Pope John XV. The pope was disposed to dissolve their hostility towards each other, 
and took steps to engineer a peace between England and Normandy, which was 
ratified in Rouen in 991.

Battle of Maldon

However, in August of that same year, a sizeable Danish fleet began a sustained 
campaign in the south-east of England. It arrived off Folkestone, in Kent, and made its 
way around the south-east coast and up the River Blackwater, coming eventually to 
its estuary and occupying Northey Island.[14] About 2 kilometres (1 mile) west of 
Northey lies the coastal town of Maldon, where Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex, was 
stationed with a company of thegns. The battle that followed between English and 
Danes is immortalised by the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon, which describes 
the doomed but heroic attempt of Byrhtnoth to defend the coast of Essex against 
overwhelming odds. Stenton summarises the events of the poem: "For access to the 
mainland they (the Danes) depended on a causeway, flooded at high tide, which led 
from Northey to the flats along the southern margin of the estuary. Before they (the 
Danes) had left their camp on the island[,] Byrhtnoth, with his retainers and a force of 
local militia, had taken possession of the landward end of the causeway. Refusing a 
demand for tribute, shouted across the water while the tide was high, Byrhtnoth drew 
up his men along the bank, and waited for the ebb. As the water fell the raiders began 
to stream out along the causeway. But three of Byrthnoth's retainers held it against 
them, and at last they asked to be allowed to cross unhindered and fight on equal 
terms on the mainland. With what even those who admired him most called 'over-
courage', Byrhtnoth agreed to this; the pirates rushed through the falling tide, and 
battle was joined. Its issue was decided by Byrhtnoth's fall. Many even of his own men 
immediately took to flight and the English ranks were broken. What gives enduring 
interest to the battle is the superb courage with which a group of Byrhtnoth's thegns, 
knowing that the fight was lost, deliberately gave themselves to death in order that 
they might avenge their lord."[16] This was the first of a series of crushing defeats felt 
by the English: beaten first by Danish raiders, and later by organised Danish armies.

England begins tributes

In 991, Æthelred was around 24 years old. In the aftermath of Maldon, it was decided 
that the English should grant the tribute to the Danes that they desired, and so a gafol 
of £10,000 was paid them for their peace. Yet it was presumably the Danish fleet that 
had beaten Byrhtnoth at Maldon that continued to ravage the English coast from 991 
to 993. In 994, the Danish fleet, which had swollen in ranks since 991, turned up the 
Thames estuary and headed toward London. The battle fought there was 
inconclusive. It was about this time that Æthelred met with the leaders of the fleet, 
foremost among them Olaf Tryggvason, and arranged an uneasy accord. A treaty was 
signed between Æthelred and Olaf that provided for seemingly civilised arrangements 
between the then-settled Danish companies and the English government, such as 
regulation settlement disputes and trade. But the treaty also stipulated that the 
ravaging and slaughter of the previous year would be forgotten, and ended abruptly by 
stating that £22,000 of gold and silver had been paid to the raiders as the price of 
peace.[17] In 994, Olaf Tryggvason, already a baptised Christian, was confirmed as 
Christian in a ceremony at Andover; King Æthelred stood as his sponsor. After 
receiving gifts, Olaf promised "that he would never come back to England in 
hostility."[14] Olaf then left England for Norway and never returned, though "other 
component parts of the Viking force appear to have decided to stay in England, for it 
is apparent from the treaty that some had chosen to enter into King Æthelred's service 
as mercenaries, based presumably on the Isle of Wight."[14]

Renewed Danish raids

In 997, Danish raids began again. According to Keynes, "there is no suggestion that 
this was a new fleet or army, and presumably the mercenary force created in 994 from 
the residue of the raiding army of 991 had turned on those whom it had been hired to 
protect."[14] It harried Cornwall, Devon, western Somerset and south Wales in 997, 
Dorset, Hampshire and Sussex in 998. In 999, it raided Kent, and, in 1000, it left 
England for Normandy, perhaps because the English had refused in this latest wave of 
attacks to acquiesce to the Danish demands for gafol or tribute, which would come to 
be known as Danegeld, 'Dane-payment'. This sudden relief from attack Æthelred used 
to gather his thoughts, resources, and armies: the fleet's departure in 1000 "allowed 
Æthelred to carry out a devastation of Strathclyde, the motive for which is part of the 
lost history of the north."[18]

In 1001, a Danish fleet – perhaps the same fleet from 1000 – returned and ravaged 
west Sussex. During its movements, the fleet regularly returned to its base in the Isle 
of Wight. There was later an attempted attack in the south of Devon, though the 
English mounted a successful defence at Exeter. Nevertheless, Æthelred must have 
felt at a loss, and, in the Spring of 1002, the English bought a truce for £24,000. 
Æthelred's frequent payments of immense Danegelds are often held up as exemplary of 
the incompetency of his government and his own short-sightedness. However, Keynes 
points out that such payments had been practice for at least a century, and had been 
adopted by Alfred the Great, Charles the Bald and many others. Indeed, in some cases 
it "may have seemed the best available way of protecting the people against loss of 
life, shelter, livestock and crops. Though undeniably burdensome, it constituted a 
measure for which the king could rely on widespread support."[14]

St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002

Æthelred ordered the massacre of all Danish men in England to take place on 13 
November 1002, St Brice's Day. No order of this kind could be carried out in more 
than a third of England, where the Danes were too strong, but Gunhilde, sister of 
Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, was said to have been among the victims. It is 
likely that a wish to avenge her was a principal motive for Sweyn's invasion of western 
England the following year.[19] By 1004 Sweyn was in East Anglia, where he sacked 
Norwich. In this year, a nobleman of East Anglia, Ulfcytel Snillingr met Sweyn in force, 
and made an impression on the until-then rampant Danish expedition. Though Ulfcytel 
was eventually defeated, outside of Thetford, he caused the Danes heavy losses and 
was nearly able to destroy their ships. The Danish army left England for Denmark in 
1005, perhaps because of their injuries sustained in East Anglia, perhaps from the 
very severe famine which afflicted the continent and the British Isles in that year.[14]

An expedition the following year was bought off in early 1007 by tribute money of 
£36,000, and for the next two years England was free from attack. In 1008, the 
government created a new fleet of warships, organised on a national scale, but this 
was weakened when one of its commanders took to piracy, and the king and his 
council decided not to risk it in a general action. In Stenton's view: "The history of 
England in the next generation was really determined between 1009 and 1012...the 
ignominious collapse of the English defence caused a loss of morale which was 
irreparable." The Danish army of 1009, led by Thorkell the Tall and his brother 
Hemming, was the most formidable force to invade England since Æthelred became 
king. It harried England until it was bought off by £48,000 in April 1012.[20]

Invasion of 1013

Sweyn then launched an invasion in 1013 intending to crown himself king of England, 
during which he proved himself to be a general greater than any other Viking leader of 
his generation. By the end of 1013 English resistance had collapsed and Sweyn had 
conquered the country, forcing Æthelred into exile in Normandy. But the situation 
changed suddenly when Sweyn died on 3 February 1014. The crews of the Danish 
ships in the Trent that had supported Sweyn immediately swore their allegiance to 
Sweyn's son Cnut the Great, but leading English noblemen sent a deputation to 
Æthelred to negotiate his restoration to the throne. He was required to declare his 
loyalty to them, to bring in reforms regarding everything that they disliked and to 
forgive all that had been said and done against him in his previous reign. The terms of 
this agreement are of great constitutional interest in early English History as they are 
the first recorded pact between a King and his subjects and are also widely regarded 
as showing that many English noblemen had submitted to Sweyn simply because of 
their distrust of Æthelred.[21] According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
they [the counsellors] said that no lord was dearer to them than their natural (gecynde) 
lord, if he would govern them more justly than he did before. Then the king sent his 
son Edward hither with his messengers and bade them greet all his people and said 
that he would be a gracious (hold) lord to them, and reform all the things which they 
hated; and all the things which had been said and done against him should be 
forgiven on condition that they all unanimously turned to him (to him gecyrdon) without 
treachery. And complete friendship was then established with oath and pledge (mid 
worde and mid wædde) on both sides, and they pronounced every Danish king an 
exile from England forever.[22]
Æthelred then launched an expedition against Cnut and his allies, the men of the 
Kingdom of Lindsey. Cnut's army had not completed its preparations and, in April 1014, 
he decided to withdraw from England without a fight leaving his Lindsey allies to suffer 
Æthelred's revenge. In August 1015, he returned to find a complex and volatile 
situation unfolding in England. Æthelred's son, Edmund Ironside, had revolted against 
his father and established himself in the Danelaw, which was angry at Cnut and 
Æthelred for the ravaging of Lindsey and was prepared to support Edmund in any 
uprising against both of them.

Death and burial

Over the next few months Cnut conquered most of England, while Edmund rejoined 
Æthelred to defend London when Æthelred died on 23 April 1016. The subsequent war 
between Edmund and Cnut ended in a decisive victory for Cnut at the Battle of 
Ashingdon on 18 October 1016. Edmund's reputation as a warrior was such that Cnut 
nevertheless agreed to divide England, Edmund taking Wessex and Cnut the whole of 
the country beyond the Thames. However, Edmund died on 30 November and Cnut 
became king of the whole country.[23]

Æthelred was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral, London. The tomb and his monument 
were destroyed along with the cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666.[24] A 
modern monument in the crypt lists his among the important graves lost.

Appearance and character

"[A] youth of graceful manners, handsome countenance and fine person..."[25] as well 
as "[A] tall, handsome man, elegant in manners, beautiful in countenance and 
interesting in his deportment."[26]

Marriages and issue

Æthelred married first Ælfgifu, daughter of Thored, earl of Northumbria, in about 985.
[14] Their known children are:
Æthelstan Ætheling (died 1014)
Ecgberht Ætheling (died c. 1005)[27]
Edmund Ironside (died 1016)
Eadred Ætheling (died before 1013)
Eadwig Ætheling (executed by Cnut 1017)
Edgar Ætheling (died c. 1008)[27]
Eadgyth or Edith (married Eadric Streona)
Ælfgifu (married Uchtred the Bold, ealdorman of Northumbria)
Wulfhilda (married Ulfcytel Snillingr)
Abbess of Wherwell Abbey

In 1002 Æthelred married Emma of Normandy, sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. 
Their children were:
Edward the Confessor (died 1066)
Ælfred Ætheling (died 1036–7)
Goda of England (married 1. Drogo of Mantes and 2. Eustace II, Count of Boulogne)

All of Æthelred's sons were named after predecessors of Æthelred on the throne.[28]

Legislation

Æthelred's government produced extensive legislation, which he "ruthlessly 
enforced."[29] Records of at least six legal codes survive from his reign, covering a 
range of topics.[30] Notably, one of the members of his council (known as the Witan) 
was Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York, a well-known homilist. The three latest codes 
from Æthelred's reign seemed to have been drafted by Wulfstan.[31] These codes are 
extensively concerned with ecclesiastical affairs. They also exhibit the characteristics 
of Wulfstan's highly rhetorical style. Wulfstan went on to draft codes for King Cnut, 
and recycled there many of the laws which were used in Æthelred's codes.[32]

Despite the failure of his government in the face of the Danish threat, Æthelred's reign 
was not without some important institutional achievements. The quality of the coinage, 
a good indicator of the prevailing economic conditions, significantly improved during 
his reign due to his numerous coinage reform laws.[33]

Legacy

Later perspectives of Æthelred have been less than flattering. Numerous legends and 
anecdotes have sprung up to explain his shortcomings, often elaborating abusively on 
his character and failures. One such anecdote is given by William of Malmesbury 
(lived c. 1080–c. 1143), who reports that Æthelred had defecated in the baptismal font 
as a child, which led St. Dunstan to prophesy that the English monarchy would be 
overthrown during his reign. This story is, however, a fabrication, and a similar story is 
told of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Copronymus, another mediaeval monarch 
who was unpopular among certain of his subjects.

Efforts to rehabilitate Æthelred's reputation have gained momentum since about 1980. 
Chief among the rehabilitators has been Simon Keynes, who has often argued that our 
poor impression of Æthelred is almost entirely based upon after-the-fact accounts of, 
and later accretions to, the narrative of events during Æthelred's long and complex 
reign. Chief among the culprits is in fact one of the most important sources for the 
history of the period, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which, as it reports events with a 
retrospect of 15 years, cannot help but interpret events with the eventual English 
defeat a foregone conclusion. Yet, as virtually no strictly contemporary narrative 
account of the events of Æthelred's reign exists, historians are forced to rely on what 
evidence there is. Keynes and others thus draw attention to some of the inevitable 
snares of investigating the history of a man whom later popular opinion has utterly 
damned. Recent cautious assessments of Æthelred's reign have more often uncovered 
reasons to doubt, rather than uphold, Æthelred's later infamy. Though the failures of 
his government will always put Æthelred's reign in the shadow of the reigns of kings 
Edgar, Aethelstan, and Alfred, historians' current impression of Æthelred's personal 
character is certainly not as unflattering as it once was: "Æthelred's misfortune as a 
ruler was owed not so much to any supposed defects of his imagined character, as to 
a combination of circumstances which anyone would have found difficult to 
control."[34]

Origin of the jury

Æthelred has been credited with the formation of a local investigative body made up 
of twelve thegns who were charged with publishing the names of any notorious or 
wicked men in their respective districts. Because the members of these bodies were 
under solemn oath to act in accordance with the law and their own good consciences, 
they have been seen by some legal historians as the prototype for the English Grand 
Jury.[35] Æthelred makes provision for such a body in a law code he enacted at 
Wantage in 997, which states:

þæt man habbe gemot on ælcum wæpentace; & gan ut þa yldestan XII þegnas & se 
gerefa mid, & swerian on þam haligdome, þe heom man on hand sylle, þæt hig nellan 
nænne sacleasan man forsecgean ne nænne sacne forhelan. & niman þonne þa 
tihtbysian men, þe mid þam gerefan habbað, & heora ælc sylle VI healfmarc wedd, 
healf landrican & healf wæpentake.[36]

that there shall be an assembly in every wapentake,[37] and in that assembly shall go 
forth the twelve eldest thegns and the reeve along with them, and let them swear on 
holy relics, which shall be placed in their hands, that they will never knowingly accuse 
an innocent man nor conceal a guilty man. And thereafter let them seize those 
notorious [lit. "charge-laden"] men, who have business with the reeve, and let each of 
them give a security of 6 half-marks, half of which shall go to the lord of that district, 
and half to the wapentake.

But the wording here suggests that Æthelred was perhaps revamping or re-confirming 
a custom which had already existed. He may actually have been expanding an 
established English custom for use among the Danish citizens in the North (the 
Danelaw). Previously, King Edgar had legislated along similar lines in his 
Whitbordesstan code

ic wille, þæt ælc mon sy under borge ge binnan burgum ge buton burgum. & gewitnes 
sy geset to ælcere byrig & to ælcum hundrode. To ælcere byrig XXXVI syn gecorone 
to gewitnesse; to smalum burgum & to ælcum hundrode XII, buton ge ma willan. & ælc 
mon mid heora gewitnysse bigcge & sylle ælc þara ceapa, þe he bigcge oððe sylle 
aþer oððe burge oððe on wæpengetace. & heora ælc, þonne hine man ærest to 
gewitnysse gecysð, sylle þæne að, þæt he næfre, ne for feo ne for lufe ne for ege, ne 
ætsace nanes þara þinga, þe he to gewitnysse wæs, & nan oðer þingc on gewitnysse 
ne cyðe buton þæt an, þæt he geseah oððe gehyrde. & swa geæþdera manna syn on 
ælcum ceape twegen oððe þry to gewitnysse.[38]

It is my wish that each person be in surety, both within settled areas and without. And 
'witnessing' shall be established in each city and each hundred. To each city let there 
be 36 chosen for witnessing; to small towns and to each hundred let there be 12, 
unless they desire more. And everybody shall purchase and sell their goods in the 
presence a witness, whether he is buying or selling something, whether in a city or a 
wapentake. And each of them, when they first choose to become a witness, shall give 
an oath that he will never, neither for wealth nor love nor fear, deny any of those 
things which he will be a witness to, and will not, in his capacity as a witness, make 
known any thing except that which he saw and heard. And let there be either two or 
three of these sworn witnesses at every sale of goods.

The 'legend' of an Anglo-Saxon origin to the jury was first challenged seriously by 
Heinrich Brunner in 1872, who claimed that evidence of the jury was only seen for the 
first time during the reign of Henry II, some 200 years after the end of the Anglo-Saxon 
period, and that the practice had originated with the Franks, who in turn had 
influenced the Normans, who thence introduced it to England.[39] Since Brunner's 
thesis, the origin of the English jury has been much disputed. Throughout the 20th 
century, legal historians disagreed 

Parents
____ Edgar "the Peaceable" (ABT  943 - 8 Jul  975)
____ Elfrida (Elfthryth) (ABT  947 - 1000)

Siblings
____ Aethelred (Ethelred) II "The Unready" (ABT  966 - 23 Apr 1016)

Marriage To OF NORMANDY Emma ( 986 - 6 Mar 1052)
    m.  

Notes

Parents
____ Richard I "the Fearless" (28 Aug  933 - 20 Nov  996)
----- ----- ()

Children by OF NORMANDY Emma  986 - 6 Mar 1052
____ Goda (Godgifu) (ABT 1004 - 1055)

Marriage To ____ Elgiva (Alfgifu) (Aelgifu) (Aelflaed) (ABT  966 - 1002)
    m.  

Notes

Parents
GUNNARSSON OF NORTHUMBRIA Thorod (ABT  933 - )
----- ----- ()

Children by ____ Elgiva (Alfgifu) (Aelgifu) (Aelflaed) ABT  966 - 1002
____ Elfgifu ( 987 - )
____ Edmund II "Ironside" (ABT  988 - 30 Nov 1016)

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