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Birth:          1009 Clare, Munster, Ireland
Death:          14 Jul 1086 Kincora, near Killaloe, Ireland
Cause of Death: long illness

Notes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadc_mac_Briain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toirdelbach_Ua_Briain
Toirdhealbhach Ua Briain (old spelling: Toirdelbach Ua Briain), anglicised Turlough 
O'Brien (1009 – 14 July 1086), was King of Munster and effectively High King of 
Ireland. A grandson of Brian Bóruma, Toirdelbach was the son of Tadc mac Briain who 
was killed in 1023 by his half-brother Donnchad mac Briain.

For the first forty years of his life nothing is known of Toirdelbach. It was not until the 
1050s that he found allies in Connacht and in Leinster, particularly the powerful King 
of Leinster Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, who would aid his claims to be ruler of Munster. 
It took perhaps ten years of sustained attack to remove his uncle Donnchad from 
power, and send him into exile, and to place Toirdelbach in power in Munster as 
Diarmait's faithful ally.

On Diarmait's death Toirdelbach took over the reins of power, establishing himself as 
ruler of more than half of Ireland. While not a great military leader, he was a capable 
politician whose influence extended as far north as Ulaid and who made and unmade 
Kings of Connacht. He died after more than two decades in power, following a lengthy 
illness, still in control of events. His son Muirchertach Ua Briain would be the leading 
king of his day, and his grandson Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair would be greater yet.
Family quarrels[edit]

Toirdelbach was the son of Tadc mac Briain, son of Brian Bóruma, and Mór, daughter 
of Gilla Brigte Ua Maíl Muaid of Cenél Fiachach.[1] His father was killed in 1023, 
probably on the orders of his half-brother Donnchad mac Briain who thereby made 
himself king of Munster.[2] Donnchad, while he successfully retained control of 
Munster for four decades, was never able to achieve the same success as Brian. 
Epigraphic evidence shows that he aimed to be king of Ireland, and perhaps 
considered himself to be such, but the annalists and later historians recognised no 
such pretensions.[3]

As for Toirdelbach, the annals record nothing of him until the 1050s, at which time he 
was seeking, and finding, outside assistance against his uncle. Donnchad's main 
rivals were Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster from 1042, and Áed in Gaí 
Bernaig, King of Connacht from 1046. Diarmait in particular was a serious threat; allied 
with Niall mac Eochada, King of Ulster, he installed his son Murchad as ruler of Dublin 
in 1052, driving out Donnchad's brother-in-law and ally Echmarcach mac Ragnaill. 
From the beginning of the 1050s onwards, Donnchad came under sustained attack 
from both Áed and Diarmait. Toirdelbach first joined with Áed in the early 1050s, 
raiding into Tuadmumu in 1052 and inflicting a heavy defeat on Donnchad's son 
Murchad in Corco Mruad, the north-west of modern County Clare in 1055. By 1058 
Toirdelbach had gained Diarmait's support, for he was present when Diarmait, the 
Leinstermen and the Osraige drove Donnchad from Limerick, which he burned so that 
it would not fall into the hands of his enemies, and defeated him at Sliabh gCrot in the 
Galtee Mountains.[4]

In 1060 Donnchad attempted to divide his enemies by submitting to Áed.[5] This was 
unsuccessful as Áed attacked again in 1061, razing the Dál gCais fortress at Kincora 
and burning their church at Killaloe.[6] Injury was added to insult when Diarmait 
brought an army, and Toirdelbach in his train, to Munster in 1062. Donnchad's son 
Murchad led the unsuccessful resistance, and even when Diarmait returned to 
Leinster, Toirdelbach defeated his kinsmen. By 1063, Donnchad was beaten. 
Deposed, he went on pilgrimage to Rome where he died the following year. Diarmait 
installed Toirdelbach as a puppet king in Munster.[7]

Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó[edit]

Following Donnchad's deposition, Toirdelbach was one of Diarmait's key allies, 
particularly in Diarmait's final years when his authority was challenged within Leinster. 
In 1066 Diarmait and Toirdelbach each paid 30 ounces of gold to the king of Ciarraige 
Luachra of West Munster for his help in assassinating their enemies. In 1067 they 
campaigned together to defeat and kill the king of Ciarraige Luachra.[8] Toirdelbach's 
nephew Murchad son of Donnchad was killed in 1068 while raiding in the midlands.[9]

The Annals of Innisfallen record to Toirdelbach as a law-maker, reporting that in 1068: 
"A law and ordinance was made by Tairdelbach Ua Briain-and no better law was 
enacted in Mumu for a long time—with the result that neither cow nor horse was housed 
[at night] but allowed to wander at will."[10] In the same year, and perhaps related to 
this law-making, Máel Ísu mac Amalgada, comarba Pátraic or abbot of Armagh and 
successor of Saint Patrick, visited Munster for the first time and received "his full 
visitation, both in tribute and offerings".[11]

Toirdelbach's ally and protector Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó faced increasing difficulties 
in his final years, difficulties which led Toirdelbach to intervene on Diarmait's behalf 
against his enemies in Leinster. Diarmait's sons Murchad and Glúniairn died in 1070, 
leaving the succession uncertain and disputed.[12] Later in 1070 Toirdelbach took an 
army into Leinster, carrying off hostages, and receiving the submission of the king of 
Osraige.[13] Toirdelbach had to return to Leinster again in 1071 open warfare broke 
out between Diarmait's grandson Domnall, Murchad's son, and his nephew Donnchad, 
son of Domnall Remair. The annal states that the hostages Toirdelbach took were 
handed over into the keeping of Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó.[14] Toirdelbach was not 
idle on his own account in these years. He led an army on a raid into the midlands in 
1071, and had his soldiers build wooden bridges across the Shannon, evidently for 
military purposes, at Áth Caille (perhaps modern O'Briensbridge) and Killaloe.[15]

Diarmait visited Munster in 1071, distributing gifts. Diarmait had earlier given 
Toirdelbach treasures which included Brian Bóruma's sword, and "the standard of the 
king of the Saxons". This was among Diarmait's last recorded acts before his death in 
battle on 7 February 1072.[16]

Toirdelbach was the chief beneficiary of Diarmait's death, the Annals of Innisfallen 
recording that:


Toirdelbach Ua Briain went to Osraige and Leinster, burned Uí Cheinnselaig and 
brought away much booty and cows, and took hostages from it as well as from 
Leinster. And the foreigners gave him the kingship of Dublin, and he made prisoner 
the sons of Domnall, son of Máel na mBó, in Dublin, and brought back the hostages of 
Osraige on that occasion.[17]

Conchobar Ua Máel Shechnaill, king of Mide, was murdered the next year, and 
Toirdelbach took advantage of this to ravage the midlands, followed by an expedition 
to Connacht where he obtained hostages from both the Uí Conchobair and the Uí 
Ruairc.[18] He divided Leinster between various rivals, a policy of divide and rule 
which would serve him well. In Dublin he installed one Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic 
Ragnaill, perhaps a kinsman of Echmarcach, as his client king.[19]

A campaign in 1075 directed against the Uí Néill and their allies in the north turned 
out less well. Toirdelbach's son Muirchertach was defeated by the Airgíalla near Áth 
Fhirdia (modern Ardee, County Louth) with heavy loss.[20] At more or less the same 
time Gofraid was banished from Dublin by Toirdelbach, seemingly replaced by Domnall 
son of Murchad son of Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, who ruled for only a short time 
before he died, and was replaced by Toirdelbach's son Muirchertach. With 
Muirchertach securely installed in Dublin, and another son, Diarmait, ruling over 
Waterford, Toirdelbach was master of half of Ireland.[21]

The wider world[edit]

While Toirdelbach's son Diarmait, ruler of Waterford, raided Wales in 1080, in general 
Toirdelbach is seen as less interested in matters outwith Ireland than his protector 
Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, or his son Muirchertach.[22]

It was during Gofraid's short reign over Dublin, on 6 May 1074, that Donatus, first 
archbishop of Dublin died. This led the archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc of Pavia, 
to take an interest in Irish matters. Lanfranc, basing himself, he said, on Bede's 
writings, had already assured Pope Alexander II that Dublin formed part of the 
province of Canterbury and that it was for him to consecrate the new bishop. He also 
wrote to the Irish kings concerned, being careful not to cause offence. His letter to 
Toirdelbach calls him "magnificent king of Ireland", a title which might seem the more 
impressive had Lanfranc not also addressed Gofraid of Dublin as "glorious king of 
Ireland".[23]

The Annals of Innisfallen report that "five Jews came from over sea with gifts to 
Toirdelbach, and they were sent back again over sea".[24] The meaning and 
significance of this event is unclear. Hudson remarks that "[i]f the delegation wanted 
[Toirdelbach]'s approval for settling in Ireland they were disappointed". Bracken 
suggests that if this was the intention of the delegation, the otherwise astute 
Toirdelbach missed a significant opportunity to strengthen his position.[25]

Divide and rule[edit]

Toirdelbach employed the policy of divide and rule to maintain control of Leinster and 
to prevent the emergence of a rival in Connacht. In the north, he supported the Ulaid 
to weaken the Cenél nEógain kings of Ailech. This policy was successful in keeping 
Leinster pacified, but was less successful in dealing with the Cenél nEógain of the 
north and the kings of Connacht in the west.[26]

The Cenél nEógain, who appear to have had no widely accepted candidates for the 
kingship, hit upon a candidate in the person of Conchobar Ua Briain, grandson of 
Toirdelbach's uncle Donnchad mac Briain and Toirdelbach's most obvious rival for the 
kingship of Munster. Conchobar was king for only a short time when he was murdered, 
along with his wife. His brother Cennétig was chosen to succeed him.[27]

In Connacht, three rival branches of the Uí Briúin, the Ua Conchobair, the Ua 
Flaithbertaig, and the Ua Ruairc, were in competition. Ruaidrí na Saide Buide of the 
Ua Conchobair was king of Connacht when he submitted to Toirdelbach in 1076. 
Toirdelbach deposed Ruaidrí in 1079 and replaced him with an Ua Ruairc, Áed son of 
Art Uallach.[28]

The Ua Ruairc proved to be a threat to Toirdelbach and to their neighbours. Máel 
Sechnaill, king of Mide, submitted to Toirdelbach in 1080, perhaps for fear of Ua 
Ruairc. War broke out in 1084 between Toirdelbach and the Ua Ruairc, joined by 
Cennétig Ua Briain. Toirdelbach raided Mide, but while he was absent the Conmaicne, 
clients of the Ua Ruairc, raided Munster. A battle was fought at Monecronock, near 
modern Leixlip, on 19 October 1082 where Toirdelbach's sons Muirchertach and Tadc 
won, killing Domnall Ua Ruairc and Cennétig Ua Briain.[29]

Death[edit]

Toirdelbach fell seriously ill in 1085 and lost his hair.[30] The Annals of the Four 
Masters, a late and not always reliable source, state that he had been ill for many 
years.[31] He may never have fully recovered from his earlier illness. The Annals of 
Ulster report that he "died in Kincora [near Killaloe] after great suffering and long 
repentance, and after receiving the Body of Christ and His Blood, on [14 July] in the 
seventy-seventh year of his age [1086]". Rarely given to over-praising southern kings, 
this northern annal calls him "king of Ireland". The Annals of Tigernach, another 
northern record, styles Toirdelbach rí urmóir Erenn, "king of the greater part of 
Ireland".[32]

Toirdelbach was probably married three times. Dubchoblaig of the Uí Cheinnselaig, 
who died in 1088, was the mother of Diarmait, perhaps named for her kinsman and 
Toirdelbach's protector Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó. Derbforgaill of Osraige was the 
mother of Tadc and Muirchertach. No children of Gormlaith of Ua Fógarta are named 
and the mother of Toirdelbach's daughter Mór is not recorded.[33]

Mór married Ruaidrí na Saide Buide. Her son Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair was one of 
the greatest kings of medieval Ireland. She died in 1088, perhaps coincidentally the 
year in which a gloss to the Annals of Ulster records Toirdelbach's birth.[34] 
Toirdelbach apparently planned to divide his lands between his three sons. Tadc 
survived him by only weeks, dying of natural causes at Kincora, after which 
Muirchertach and Diarmait disputed the succession. Diarmait was the loser, banished 
by his half-brother, and exiled with his mother's kin in Leinster.[35]

Parents
MAC BRIAN Tadhg (Tadc) (Tadg) (Teige) (ABT  970 - 1023)
O'MULLOY Mor (ABT  974 - )

Siblings
UA BRIAIN [O'BRIEN] Tairdelbach (Turlogh) (1009 - 14 Jul 1086)

Marriage To NA OSSORY Derbforgaill (ABT 1000 - BEF 1059)
    m.  

Notes

Parents
NA OSSORY Tadg Mac Gillapatrick (ABT  966 - )
----- ----- ()

Children by NA OSSORY Derbforgaill ABT 1000 - BEF 1059
UA BRIAIN [O'BRIEN] Muirchetach (ABT 1050 - ABT 10 Mar 1119)

Marriage To ____ Dobcoblach (ABT 1035 - )
    m.  

Notes


Children by ____ Dobcoblach ABT 1035 - 
UA BRIAIN Diarmait (ABT 1060 - 1118)

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